In the high and low rainfall AEs, conventional practice and planting basins had the lowest maize production risk. Under medium rainfall conditions (500–800 mm) planting basins, rip-line and direct seeding systems gave 547, 5 kg ha −1 more maize yield than the conventional practice. In the high (750–1000 mm per annum) and low (450–650 mm) rainfall AEs, conventional practice and CA systems gave similar maize grain yield. Each farmer was a replicate of the trial over the three cropping seasons. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of four tillage systems (conventional plowing, planting basins, rip-line and animal traction direct seeding systems) on maize ( Zea mays L.), cowpea and soybean yields, and evaluate the economic performance of the conservation agriculture (CA) systems relative to conventional plowing. A multi-locational study was established in three agro-ecoregions (AEs) of Zimbabwe. Continuous conventional tillage coupled with unsystematic cereal/legume rotations has promoted low crop productivity on smallholder farms.
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